Supersedes https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/pull/17958.

Awkwardly, the changes made to fix the mypy errors in 1.12.1 cause
errors in 1.11.2. So you'll need to update your mypy version to 1.12.1
to eliminate typechecking errors during developing.

The existing `email.smtp_host` config option is used for two distinct
purposes: it is resolved into the IP address to connect to, and used to
(request via SNI and) validate the server's certificate if TLS is
enabled. This new option allows specifying a different name for the
second purpose.

This is especially helpful, if `email.smtp_host` isn't a global FQDN,
but something that resolves only locally (e.g. "localhost" to connect
through the loopback interface, or some other internally routed name),
that one cannot get a valid certificate for.
Alternatives would of course be to specify a global FQDN as
`email.smtp_host`, or to disable TLS entirely, both of which might be
undesirable, depending on the SMTP server configuration.

Another config option on my quest to a `*_path` variant for every
secret. This time it’s `macaroon_secret_key_path`.

Reading secrets from files has the security advantage of separating the secrets from the config. It also simplifies secrets management in Kubernetes. Also useful to NixOS users.

- Fetch the number of invites the provided user has sent after a given
timestamp
- Fetch the number of rooms the provided user has joined after a given
timestamp, regardless if they have left/been banned from the rooms
subsequently
- Get report IDs of event reports where the provided user was the sender
of the reported event

MSC: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3823

This is an implementation of MSC4190, which allows appservices to manage
their user's devices without /login & /logout.

---------

Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <1342360+anoadragon453@users.noreply.github.com>

This PR implements [MSC4076: Let E2EE clients calculate app badge counts
themselves
(disable_badge_count)](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4076).

Co-authored-by: Eric Eastwood <erice@element.io>

Part of https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17929

Consolidate SSO redirects through
`/_matrix/client/v3/login/sso/redirect(/{idpId})`

Spawning from
https://github.com/element-hq/sbg/pull/421#discussion_r1859497330 where
we have a proxy that intercepts responses to
`/_matrix/client/v3/login/sso/redirect(/{idpId})` in order to upgrade
them to use OAuth 2.0 Pushed Authorization Requests (PAR). Instead of
needing to intercept multiple endpoints that redirect to the
authorization endpoint, it seems better to just have Synapse consolidate
to a single flow.


### Testing strategy

1. Create a new OAuth application. I'll be using GitHub for example but
there are [many
options](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/be65a8ec0195955c15fdb179c9158b187638e39a/docs/openid.md).
Visit https://github.com/settings/developers -> **New OAuth App**
    - Application name: `Synapse local testing`
    - Homepage URL: `http://localhost:8008`
- Authorization callback URL:
`http://localhost:8008/_synapse/client/oidc/callback`
 1. Update your Synapse `homeserver.yaml`
    ```yaml
    server_name: "my.synapse.server"
    public_baseurl: http://localhost:8008/
    listeners:
      - port: 8008
        bind_addresses: [
          #'::1',
          '127.0.0.1'
        ]
        tls: false
        type: http
        x_forwarded: true
        resources:
          - names: [client, federation, metrics]
            compress: false
    
    # SSO login testing
    oidc_providers:
      - idp_id: github
        idp_name: Github
        idp_brand: "github"  # optional: styling hint for clients
        discover: false
        issuer: "https://github.com/"
        client_id: "xxx" # TO BE FILLED
        client_secret: "xxx" # TO BE FILLED
authorization_endpoint: "https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize"
        token_endpoint: "https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token"
        userinfo_endpoint: "https://api.github.com/user"
        scopes: ["read:user"]
        user_mapping_provider:
          config:
            subject_claim: "id"
            localpart_template: "{{ user.login }}"
            display_name_template: "{{ user.name }}"
    ```
1. Start Synapse: `poetry run synapse_homeserver --config-path
homeserver.yaml`
1. Visit
`http://localhost:8008/_synapse/client/pick_idp?redirectUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com`
 1. Choose GitHub
1. Notice that you're redirected to GitHub to sign in
(`https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize?...`)

Tested locally and works:

1.
`http://localhost:8008/_synapse/client/pick_idp?idp=oidc-github&redirectUrl=http%3A//example.com`
->
1.
`http://localhost:8008/_matrix/client/v3/login/sso/redirect/oidc-github?redirectUrl=http://example.com`
->
1.
`https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=xxx&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8008%2F_synapse%2Fclient%2Foidc%2Fcallback&scope=read%3Auser&state=xxx&nonce=xxx`

Currently, when a new scheduled task is added and its scheduled time has
already passed, we set it to ACTIVE. This is problematic, because it
means it will jump the queue ahead of all other SCHEDULED tasks;
furthermore, if the Synapse process gets restarted, it will jump ahead
of any ACTIVE tasks which have been started but are taking a while to
run.

Instead, we leave it set to SCHEDULED, but kick off a call to
`_launch_scheduled_tasks`, which will decide if we actually have
capacity to start a new task, and start the newly-added task if so.

For context of why we delay read receipts, see
https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4730.

Element Web often sends read receipts in quick succession, if it reloads
the timeline it'll send one for the last message in the old timeline and
again for the last message in the new timeline. This caused remote users
to see a read receipt for older messages come through quickly, but then
the second read receipt taking a while to arrive for the most recent
message.

There are two things going on in this PR:
1. There was a mismatch between seconds and milliseconds, and so we
ended up delaying for far longer than intended.
2. Changing the logic to reuse the `DestinationWakeupQueue` (used for
presence)

The changes in logic are:
- Treat the first receipt and subsequent receipts in a room in the same
way
- Whitelist certain classes of receipts to never delay being sent, i.e.
receipts in small rooms, receipts for events that were sent within the
last 60s, and sending receipts to the event sender's server.
- The maximum delay a receipt can have before being sent to a server is
30s, and we'll send out receipts to remotes at least at 50Hz (by
default)

The upshot is that this should make receipts feel more snappy over
federation.

This new logic should send roughly between 10%–20% of transactions
immediately on matrix.org.

Co-authored-by: Olivier 'reivilibre <oliverw@matrix.org>

To work around the fact that,
pre-https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/pull/17903, our database may
have old one-time-keys that the clients have long thrown away the
private keys for, we want to delete OTKs that look like they came from
libolm.

To spread the load a bit, without holding up other background database
updates, we use a scheduled task to do the work.

There was a bug that meant we would return the full state of the room on
incremental syncs when using lazy loaded members and there were no
entries in the timeline.

This was due to trying to use `state_filter or state_filter.all()` as a
short hand for handling `None` case, however `state_filter` implements
`__bool__` so if the state filter was empty it would be set to full.

c.f. MSC4222 and #17888

c.f. #17906 and #17907

The latest Twisted release changed how they implemented `__await__` on
deferreds, which broke the machinery we used to test cancellation.

This PR changes things a bit to instead patch the `__await__` method,
which is a stable API. This mostly doesn't change the core logic, except
for fixing two bugs:
  - We previously did not intercept all await points
- After cancellation we now need to not only unblock currently blocked
await points, but also make sure we don't block any future await points.

c.f. https://github.com/twisted/twisted/pull/12226



---------

Co-authored-by: Devon Hudson <devon.dmytro@gmail.com>

There's also https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/pull/17906

Currently, one-time-keys are issued in a somewhat random order. (In
practice, they are issued according to the lexicographical order of
their key IDs.) That can lead to a situation where a client gives up
hope of a given OTK ever being used, whilst it is still on the server.

Related: https://github.com/element-hq/element-meta/issues/2356

### Pull Request Checklist

<!-- Please read
https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html
before submitting your pull request -->

* [X] Pull request is based on the develop branch
* [X] Pull request includes a [changelog
file](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html#changelog).
The entry should:
- Be a short description of your change which makes sense to users.
"Fixed a bug that prevented receiving messages from other servers."
instead of "Moved X method from `EventStore` to `EventWorkerStore`.".
  - Use markdown where necessary, mostly for `code blocks`.
  - End with either a period (.) or an exclamation mark (!).
  - Start with a capital letter.
- Feel free to credit yourself, by adding a sentence "Contributed by
@github_username." or "Contributed by [Your Name]." to the end of the
entry.
* [X] [Code
style](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/code_style.html) is
correct
(run the
[linters](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/development/contributing_guide.html#run-the-linters)

)

---------

Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <1342360+anoadragon453@users.noreply.github.com>

When entries insert in the end of timer queue, then unnecessary entry
inserted (with duplicated key).
This can lead to some timeouts expired early and consume memory.

Basically, if the client sets a special query param on `/sync` v2
instead of responding with `state` at the *start* of the timeline, we
instead respond with `state_after` at the *end* of the timeline.

We do this by using the `current_state_delta_stream` table, which is
actually reliable, rather than messing around with "state at" points on
the timeline.

c.f. MSC4222

```py
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers

Headers()._canonicalNameCaps
Headers()._encodeName
```

Introduced in https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/15913 <-
https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/15773

Lazy-loading room members on incremental sync and remember which
memberships we've sent down the connection before (up-to 100)

Fix https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17804

https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4151 has
finished FCP.

See https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17373

 for unstable
endpoint removal

---------

Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <andrew@amorgan.xyz>

Fix #17819

The main change here is to add a helper function
`gather_optional_coroutines`, which works in a similar way as
`yieldable_gather_results` but takes a set of coroutines rather than a
function

Fixes #17823

While we're at it, makes a change where the redactions are sent as the
admin if the user is not a member of the server (otherwise these fail
with a "User must be our own" message).

Reset `sliding_sync_membership_snapshots` -> `forgotten` status when
membership changes (like rejoining a room).

Fix https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17781

### What was the problem before?

Previously, if someone used `/forget` on one of their rooms, it would
update `sliding_sync_membership_snapshots` as expected but when someone
rejoined the room (or had any membership change), the upsert didn't
overwrite and reset the `forgotten` status so it remained `forgotten`
and invisible down the Sliding Sync endpoint.

Bumps [mypy](https://github.com/python/mypy) from 1.10.1 to 1.11.2.
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">mypy's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h3>Mypy 1.11.2</h3>
<ul>
<li>Alternative fix for a union-like literal string (Ivan Levkivskyi, PR
<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/pull/17639">17639</a>)</li>
<li>Unwrap <code>TypedDict</code> item types before storing (Ivan
Levkivskyi, PR <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/pull/17640">17640</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h3>Acknowledgements</h3>
<p>Thanks to all mypy contributors who contributed to this release:</p>
<ul>
<li>Alex Waygood</li>
<li>Alexander Leopold Shon</li>
<li>Ali Hamdan</li>
<li>Anders Kaseorg</li>
<li>Ben Brown</li>
<li>Bénédikt Tran</li>
<li>bzoracler</li>
<li>Christoph Tyralla</li>
<li>Christopher Barber</li>
<li>dexterkennedy</li>
<li>gilesgc</li>
<li>GiorgosPapoutsakis</li>
<li>Ivan Levkivskyi</li>
<li>Jelle Zijlstra</li>
<li>Jukka Lehtosalo</li>
<li>Marc Mueller</li>
<li>Matthieu Devlin</li>
<li>Michael R. Crusoe</li>
<li>Nikita Sobolev</li>
<li>Seo Sanghyeon</li>
<li>Shantanu</li>
<li>sobolevn</li>
<li>Steven Troxler</li>
<li>Tadeu Manoel</li>
<li>Tamir Duberstein</li>
<li>Tushar Sadhwani</li>
<li>urnest</li>
<li>Valentin Stanciu</li>
</ul>
<p>I’d also like to thank my employer, Dropbox, for supporting mypy
development.</p>
<h2>Mypy 1.10</h2>
<p>We’ve just uploaded mypy 1.10 to the Python Package Index (<a
href="https://pypi.org/project/mypy/">PyPI</a>). Mypy is a static type
checker for Python. This release includes new features, performance
improvements and bug fixes. You can install it as follows:</p>
<pre><code>python3 -m pip install -U mypy
</code></pre>
<p>You can read the full documentation for this release on <a
href="http://mypy.readthedocs.io">Read the Docs</a>.</p>
<h3>Support TypeIs (PEP 742)</h3>
<p>Mypy now supports <code>TypeIs</code> (<a
href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0742/">PEP 742</a>), which allows</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
</blockquote>
<p>... (truncated)</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/789f02c83a5d5cb35f5e33ba91df46c8fea6b28e"><code>789f02c</code></a>
Bump version to 1.11.2</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/917cc75fd6f1417edb45eb77e449934f794c18fc"><code>917cc75</code></a>
An alternative fix for a union-like literal string (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17639">#17639</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/7d805b364ee80396e0b9ca906f32f901b2ac7e12"><code>7d805b3</code></a>
Unwrap TypedDict item types before storing (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17640">#17640</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/32675dddfacccef616557916cb872757605ab493"><code>32675dd</code></a>
Revert &quot;Fix Literal strings containing pipe characters&quot; (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17638">#17638</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/778542b93a6f5b3c168a8acc03717700ae6f8048"><code>778542b</code></a>
Revert &quot;Fix <code>RawExpressionType.accept</code> crash with
<code>--cache-fine-grained</code>&quot; (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/1">#1</a>...</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/14ab742dec6b58a4e94772115cb3b5c67a4b3d33"><code>14ab742</code></a>
Bump version to 1.11.2+dev</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/570b90a7a368f04c64f60af339d0ac1808c49c15"><code>570b90a</code></a>
Bump version to 1.11</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/b3a102ef31f63a8a8ba32c8dbe160ddef3c43054"><code>b3a102e</code></a>
Fix <code>RawExpressionType.accept</code> crash with
<code>--cache-fine-grained</code> (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17588">#17588</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/aec04c74488d46a81a95ed3553b8e953a6ec59a7"><code>aec04c7</code></a>
Fix PEP 604 isinstance caching (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17563">#17563</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/commit/cb44e4d8f18b9bc874f1076b33eec7ad67de165c"><code>cb44e4d</code></a>
Fix <code>typing.TypeAliasType</code> being undefined on python &lt;
3.12 (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/python/mypy/issues/17558">#17558</a>)</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="https://github.com/python/mypy/compare/v1.10.1...v1.11.2">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
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Sliding Sync: Slight optimization when fetching state for the room (`get_events_as_list(...)`) (#17718)

Spawning from @kegsay [pointing
out](https://matrix.to/#/!cnVVNLKqgUzNTOFQkz:matrix.org/$ExOO7J8uPUQSyH-9Uxc_QCa8jlXX9uK4VRtkSC0EI3o?via=element.io&via=matrix.org&via=jki.re)
that the Sliding Sync endpoint doesn't handle a large room with a lot of
state well on initial sync (requesting all state via `required_state: [
["*","*"] ]`) (it just takes forever).

After investigating further, the slow part is just
`get_events_as_list(...)` fetching all of the current state ID's out for
the room (which can be 100k+ events for rooms with a lot of membership).
This is just a slow thing in Synapse in general and the same thing
happens in Sync v2 or the `/state` endpoint.


---

The only idea I had to improve things was to use `batch_iter` to only
try fetching a fixed amount at a time instead of working with large
maps, lists, and sets. This doesn't seem to have much effect though.

There is already a `batch_iter(event_ids, 200)` in
`_fetch_event_rows(...)` for when we actually have to touch the database
and that's inside a queue to deduplicate work.

I did notice one slight optimization to use `get_events_as_list(...)`
directly instead of `get_events(...)`. `get_events(...)` just turns the
result from `get_events_as_list(...)` into a dict and since we're just
iterating over the events, we don't need the dict/map.

Fixes https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17698



This handles `required_state` changes by checking if new state has been
added to the config, and if so fetching and returning that from the
current state.

This also takes care to ensure that given a state entry S that is added,
removed and then re-added that we do *not* send S down a second time if
there have been no changes to S in the current state. This is fine for
Rust SDK (as it just remembers all state), but we might decide not to do
this behaviour in the MSC. If we decide to always send down S then its
easy enough to rip out all the code.

---------

Co-authored-by: Eric Eastwood <eric.eastwood@beta.gouv.fr>

Added display_name_claim in jwt_config which sets the user's display name upon registration (#17708)