This encapsulates config for a given database and is the way to get new
connections.

The expected use case is to suppress MAU limiting on small instances

Python will return a tuple whether there are parentheses around the returned values or not.

I'm just sick of my editor complaining about this all over the place :)

The `expire_access_token` didn't do what it sounded like it should do. What it
actually did was make Synapse enforce the 'time' caveat on macaroons used as
access tokens, but since our access token macaroons never contained such a
caveat, it was always a no-op.

(The code to add 'time' caveats was removed back in v0.18.5, in #1656)

* Fix servlet metric names

Co-Authored-By: Richard van der Hoff <1389908+richvdh@users.noreply.github.com>

* Remove redundant check

* Cover all return paths

- Put the default window_size back to 1000ms (broken by #5181)
- Make the `rc_federation` config actually do something
- fix an off-by-one error in the 'concurrent' limit
- Avoid creating an unused `_PerHostRatelimiter` object for every single
  incoming request

* Pull config_dir_path and data_dir_path calculation out of read_config_files

* Pass config_dir_path and data_dir_path into read_config

Set default room version to v4.

Sends password reset emails from the homeserver instead of proxying to the identity server. This is now the default behaviour for security reasons. If you wish to continue proxying password reset requests to the identity server you must now enable the email.trust_identity_server_for_password_resets option.

This PR is a culmination of 3 smaller PRs which have each been separately reviewed:

* #5308
* #5345
* #5368

Migrate all tests to use the dict-based config format instead of hanging items off HomeserverConfig (#5171)

Collect all the things that make room-versions different to one another into
one place, so that it's easier to define new room versions.

I don't have a database with the same name as my user, so leaving the database
name unset fails.

While we're at it, clear out some unused stuff in the test setup.

Rather than using a Mock for the homeserver config, use a genuine
HomeServerConfig object. This makes for a more realistic test, and means that
we don't have to keep remembering to add things to the mock config every time
we add a new config setting.

Add two ratelimiters on login (per-IP address and per-userID).

* Rate-limiting for registration

* Add unit test for registration rate limiting

* Add config parameters for rate limiting on auth endpoints

* Doc

* Fix doc of rate limiting function

Co-Authored-By: babolivier <contact@brendanabolivier.com>

* Incorporate review

* Fix config parsing

* Fix linting errors

* Set default config for auth rate limiting

* Fix tests

* Add changelog

* Advance reactor instead of mocked clock

* Move parameters to registration specific config and give them more sensible default values

* Remove unused config options

* Don't mock the rate limiter un MAU tests

* Rename _register_with_store into register_with_store

* Make CI happy

* Remove unused import

* Update sample config

* Fix ratelimiting test for py2

* Add non-guest test

... as per MSC1730.

Allow for the creation of a support user.

A support user can access the server, join rooms, interact with other users, but does not appear in the user directory nor does it contribute to monthly active user limits.