Update all stream IDs after processing replication rows (#14723)

This creates a new store method, `process_replication_position` that
is called after `process_replication_rows`. By moving stream ID advances
here this guarantees any relevant cache invalidations will have been
applied before the stream is advanced.

This avoids race conditions where Python switches between threads mid
way through processing the `process_replication_rows` method where stream
IDs may be advanced before caches are invalidated due to class resolution
ordering.

See this comment/issue for further discussion:
	https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/14158#issuecomment-1344048703