add options to require an access_token to GET /profile and /publicRooms on CS API (#5083)

This commit adds two config options:

* `restrict_public_rooms_to_local_users`

Requires auth to fetch the public rooms directory through the CS API and disables fetching it through the federation API.

* `require_auth_for_profile_requests`

When set to `true`, requires that requests to `/profile` over the CS API are authenticated, and only returns the user's profile if the requester shares a room with the profile's owner, as per MSC1301.

MSC1301 also specifies a behaviour for federation (only returning the profile if the server asking for it shares a room with the profile's owner), but that's currently really non-trivial to do in a not too expensive way. Next step is writing down a MSC that allows a HS to specify which user sent the profile query. In this implementation, Synapse won't send a profile query over federation if it doesn't believe it already shares a room with the profile's owner, though.

Groups have been intentionally omitted from this commit.