Various cleanups in the federation client code (#4031)

- Improve logging: log things in the right order, include destination and txids
  in all log lines, don't log successful responses twice

- Fix the docstring on TransportLayerClient.send_transaction

- Don't use treq.request, which is overcomplicated for our purposes: just use a
  twisted.web.client.Agent.

- simplify the logic for setting up the bodyProducer

- fix bytes/str confusions