Cache event ID to auth event IDs lookups (#8752)

This should hopefully speed up `get_auth_chain_difference` a bit in the case of repeated state res on the same rooms.

`get_auth_chain_difference` does a breadth first walk of the auth graphs by repeatedly looking up events' auth events. Different state resolutions on the same room will end up doing a lot of the same event to auth events lookups, so by caching them we should speed things up in cases of repeated state resolutions on the same room.