Refactor `_resolve_state_at_missing_prevs` to return an `EventContext` (#13404)

Previously, `_resolve_state_at_missing_prevs` returned the resolved
state before an event and a partial state flag. These were unwieldy to
carry around would only ever be used to build an event context. Build
the event context directly instead.

Signed-off-by: Sean Quah <seanq@matrix.org>