moves non-runtime dependencies out of synapse.python_dependencies (test and lint)

Lint dependencies can now be installed with pip install -e ".[lint]"

This should help keep the version in sync between tox and documentation.

Duplicating function signatures between server.py and server.pyi is
silly. This commit changes that by changing all `build_*` methods to
`get_*` methods and changing the `_make_dependency_method` to work work
as a descriptor that caches the produced value.

There are some changes in other files that were made to fix the typing
in server.py.

Run `isort`, `flake8` and `black` over the `contrib/` directory and `synctl` script. The latter was already being done in CI, but now the linting script does it too.

Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7910

The CI appears to use the latest version of isort, which is a problem when isort gets a major version bump. Rather than try to pin the version, I've done the necessary to make isort5 happy with synapse.

fix a few things to make this pass mypy.

- Remove the requirement for a specific version of Python
- Move dep comment to a separate line, Tox 3.7.0 like trailing ones

Signed-off-by: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>

* Expose `return_html_error`, and allow it to take a Jinja2 template instead of a raw string

* Clean up exception handling in SAML2ResponseResource

  * use the existing code in `return_html_error` instead of re-implementing it
    (giving it a jinja2 template rather than inventing a new form of template)

  * do the exception-catching in the REST layer rather than in the handler
    layer, to make sure we catch all exceptions.

Be less strict about validation of UI authentication sessions during
registration to match client expecations.

We're pretty close to having mypy working for `synapse.federation`, so let's
finish the job.

This will be used to coordinate stream IDs across multiple writers.

Functions as the equivalent of both `StreamIdGenerator` and
`SlavedIdTracker`.

By persisting the user interactive authentication sessions to the database, this fixes
situations where a user hits different works throughout their auth session and also
allows sessions to persist through restarts of Synapse.

* Factor out functions for injecting events into database

I want to add some more flexibility to the tools for injecting events into the
database, and I don't want to clutter up HomeserverTestCase with them, so let's
factor them out to a new file.

* Rework TestReplicationDataHandler

This wasn't very easy to work with: the mock wrapping was largely superfluous,
and it's useful to be able to inspect the received rows, and clear out the
received list.

* Fix AssertionErrors being thrown by EventsStream

Part of the problem was that there was an off-by-one error in the assertion,
but also the limit logic was too simple. Fix it all up and add some tests.

First some background: StreamChangeCache is used to keep track of what "entities" have 
changed since a given stream ID. So for example, we might use it to keep track of when the last
to-device message for a given user was received [1], and hence whether we need to pull any to-device messages from the database on a sync [2].

Now, it turns out that StreamChangeCache didn't support more than one thing being changed at
a given stream_id (this was part of the problem with #7206). However, it's entirely valid to send
to-device messages to more than one user at a time.

As it turns out, this did in fact work, because *some* methods of StreamChangeCache coped
ok with having multiple things changing on the same stream ID, and it seems we never actually
use the methods which don't work on the stream change caches where we allow multiple
changes at the same stream ID. But that feels horribly fragile, hence: let's update
StreamChangeCache to properly support this, and add some typing and some more tests while
we're at it.

[1]: https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/release-v1.12.3/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/deviceinbox.py#L301
[2]: https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/release-v1.12.3/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/deviceinbox.py#L47-L51

I cracked, and added some type definitions in synapse.storage.