Move FederationServer._handle_new_pdu to FederationHandler

Unfortunately this significantly increases the size of the already-rather-big
FederationHandler, but the code fits more naturally here, and it paves the way
for the tighter integration that I need between handling incoming PDUs and
doing the join dance.

Other than renaming the existing `FederationHandler.on_receive_pdu` to
`_process_received_pdu` to make way for it, this just consists of the move, and
replacing `self.handler` with `self` and `self` with `self.replication_layer`.